Environmental and economic assessment of plastic …
1 Abstract The present study provides a comparative environmental and economic assessment of plastic waste recycling and energy recovery (incineration) technologies, using actual plant data complemented with external
A conceptual cost comparison of alternative tailings …
The database of costs used for evaluating the tailings disposal strategies has been developed mainly based on obtained third-party contract rates, in Australian dollars. It reflects current market pricing in WA. The net present cost (NPC) analysis for this study assumed a discounted cash flow (10%) over the LOM.
Determining the environmental costs of mining projects: A …
To address this challenge, this study proposes a method to calculate the environmental costs of preventing, reducing, or compensating for the adverse impacts …
The Ups and Downs of Gold Recycling
Changes in gold price have an immediate but temporary effect. Price changes account for around 75 percent of annual changes in gold recycling once we account for major economic crises. For every 1 …
Study: Recycled Lithium Batteries as Good as Newly Mined
Recycling to recover those valuable metals would minimize the social and environmental impact of mining, keep millions of tons of batteries from landfills, and cut the energy use and emissions ...
Economic and Environmental Viability of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling …
Regarding the recycling cost estimates, Lander, Cleaver ... Mining Cost Service: Cost Indexes and Metal Prices; InfoMine: Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2018. ... Comparison of cost and GHG emissions of NMC 811 LIB cathode active material supply chain in different locations. QC—Quebec, ON—Ontario, US—United States, …
Economics and Challenges of Li-Ion Battery Recycling …
The total global capacity for vehicle LIB manufacturing was more than 31 GWh in 2016 [3-5], and demand is expected to exceed 120 GWh by 2020. This rapid growth is projected to require more than 550,000 metric tons of the battery materials— lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, and graphite—by 2020.
Is Recycling Worth It? Costs and Benefits of Recycling | RTS
The low value of scrap and high costs of recycling, coupled with low oil prices, means that recycling plastic now costs more than manufacturing plastic. Plastic is also inherently problematic within the recycling industry, and even highly-recyclable #1 (PETE) or #2 (HDPE) plastics will degrade in quality over time, with …
Carbon Footprint: Recycling Compared to Not Recycling …
Carbon Footprint Recycling Facts About Metals. Recycling steel reduces emissions by 58%. Recycling steel reduces 86% of air pollution, 40% of water consumption, and 76% of water pollution. People still use 70% of the steel and 75% of the aluminum produced worldwide. Recycling aluminum reduces carbon emissions by 92%.
Recycling | Free Full-Text | Environmental and Economic …
In the case study by Ohemeng and Ekolu, about 42% of NA production costs were shown to be related to environmental costs (e.g., landfill charges and air, …
Visualizing the opportunity cost of unrecycled metals in the US
When compared with the mining, processing and transport of new metals, recycling metals can provide a significantly less energy-intensive alternative, saving …
Scaling up reuse and recycling of electric vehicle …
in high transport costs, which represent the largest cost component of battery reuse or recycling. Developing domestic capacity to reuse and recycle batteries could therefore significantly reduce costs while stimulating local economies and reducing the dependency on international supply chains. To the extent possible, governments could
Comparative analysis on costs and benefits of producing …
* Cost at recycling plant A (US$ per tonne) Cost at recycling plant B (US$ per tonne) Average cost (US$ per tonne) Equipment: 7.33: 6.97: 7.15: Working capital: …
Why metals should be recycled, not mined
The opportunity to increase recycling rates is significant. Today, less than one third of 60 metals analysed have an end-of-life recycling rate above 50% and 34 elements are below 1% (pdf). The ...
Determining the environmental costs of mining projects
Mining Engineering. Article. Determining the environmental costs of mining projects: A comprehensive quantitative assessment. April 2023. Resources Policy 82 (1) …
The race to decarbonize electric-vehicle batteries | McKinsey
Some of these strategies will save costs, while others will come at a considerable premium. Key factors are influencing how competitive low-carbon batteries can include production location and target market. In some advantageous cases, it might be possible to decarbonize up to 80 percent at a minimum additional cost to the end …
A review of the cost and effectiveness of solutions to …
In addition, the cost of mechanical recycling is between USD 0.003 and USD 0.23 per kilogram, which covers the lowest and highest ends of the cost range for plastic waste recycling options. This means that mechanical recycling is the most cost-effective way to recycle plastics when value chains for waste collection and sorting are …
Cost Of Living Comparison
Our comprehensive Cost of Living Comparison tool empowers you to compare the cost of living between two cities using a range of key indicators from our extensive dataset. With this tool, you can easily assess and analyze the following indicators: Cost of Living Index. Cost of Living Plus Rent Index. Groceries Index. Restaurants Index.
Comparing the Energy Cost of Copper Mining to Recycling
How Energy Costs Compare Copper Mining Energy Costs. The energy costs of copper mining and recycling vary greatly. Mining involves extraction, processing, refining, and transportation – each of these stages requires substantial energy inputs. Extraction involves digging and moving large amounts of earth using heavy machinery, while processing ...
Urban mining: The relevance of information, transaction costs …
Fig. 1. Total costs of metals embodied in an average Swiss mobile phone. The total market value of the eleven metals in a phone for which we have is USD 1.64 and the total external cost is USD 17.86. The environmental costs per impact category, metal, and region are shown in detail in Appendix A.8.
A conceptual cost comparison of alternative tailings disposal
paramet ers, d esign consid eration s, cost estimat ion, and an alysis of the resul ts. A conceptual cost comparison of altern ative tailings disposal strategies A Carneiro and AB Fourie. in ...
Climate explained: the environmental footprint of …
That is, using average grid electricity, EVs come out about 18% better in terms of their carbon footprint. Likewise, electric cars in New Zealand work out a lot better than fossil-fuelled cars in ...
1 Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion …
1 1 2 Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion battery 3 recycling and mining supply chains 4 5 Joule 6 Resubmitted May 2023 7 Michael L. Machalaa,c,#, Xi Chenb,#, Samantha P. Bunkeb,#, Gregory Forbesa, Akarys Yegizbayd, 8 Jacques de Chalendara, Inês L. Azevedoa,c, Sally Bensona,c, William A. Tarpehb,c,* 9 aDepartment of Energy …
Lithium costs a lot of money—so why aren't we recycling …
In 2021, the average price of one metric ton of battery-grade lithium carbonate was $17,000 compared to $2,425 for lead North American markets, and raw materials now account for over half of ...
A cost-benefit analysis of landfill mining and material recycling …
According to our case study of a typical old landfill mining project in China (Yingchun landfill), rental of excavation and hauling equipment, waste processing and material transportation were the top three costs of landfill mining, accounting for 88.2% of the total cost, and the average cost per unit of stored waste was 12.7 USD ton{sup −1}.
Comparing the Energy Cost of Copper Mining to Recycling
Copper, fully recyclable, maintains its properties no matter how many times it's been recycled. So, by reusing existing copper, we conserve energy and reduce environmental …
Where used electric vehicle batteries will end up
Those higher recycling costs explain why mining was the cheaper way for auto manufacturers to procure the materials they needed — until rising demand and pandemic disruptions over the past few ...
1 Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion …
1 1 2 Life cycle comparison of industrial-scale lithium-ion 3 battery recycling and mining supply chains 4 5 Nature Communications 6 Submitted September 2023 7 Michael L. Machalaa,c,#, Xi Chenb,#, Samantha P. Bunkeb,#, Gregory Forbesa, Akarys Yegizbayd, 8 Jacques de Chalendara, Inês L. Azevedoa,c, Sally Bensona,c, William A. Tarpehb,c,* 9 …
Technical, Economic, and Environmental Comparison of …
Over 400 million metric tons of plastic waste are generated globally each year, resulting in pollution and lost resources. Recycling strategies can recapture this wasted material, but there is a lack of quantitative and transparent data on the capabilities and impacts of these processes. Here, we develop a data set of material quality, …
The Ups and Downs of Gold Recycling
Changes in gold price have an immediate but temporary effect. Price changes account for around 75 percent of annual changes in gold recycling once we account for …